Archaeologists unearthed a human skull with a small dried fragment of the scalp still attached. they extracted a tiny amount of dna from the scalp tissue. to obtain sufficient dna for an analysis of the ancient human's genes, they could

They could amplify the DNA using a polymerase chain reaction. PCR involves the incubation of the same DNA with primers, DNA polymerase, and deoxyribonucleosides. With every cycle of the PCR, the amount of DNA in the solution doubles. Therefore, depending on how much DNA is required, the amount of PCR cycles can be set.

organisms that lack symmetry are called asymmetrical and belong to phylum porifera/sponges.

organisms with specialized stinging cells belong to phylum cnidaria. stinging cells are called cnidoblast cells.

cnidarians show two morphological forms : polyp (sessile) and medusa (mobile)

filter feeding is observed in porifera members.  

alternation of generation is observed in coelenterata or cnidaria. there is alternation of asexual polyp form and sexual medusoid form. it is also referred as metagenesis.

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