What is the special feature of the leaves of c4 plants?

the binding of the substrate is dictated by the shape of each molecule. side chains on the enzyme interact with the substrate in a specific way, resulting in the making and breaking of bonds.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.