The 1950s saw major advances in science, including medical breakthroughs that led to improved treatments for cancer, polio, and

The 1950s saw major advances in science, including medical breakthroughs that led to improved treatments for cancer, polio, and heart attacks. 
There were many important advances in medicine during the 1950s including the first human aorta transplant, the discovery hepatitis A, as well as the synthesis of the world's first wonder drug, Penicillin.  

The answer is observations and interpreting.