Which mechanism do sponges possess that makes a predator think twice before attacking it

Microorganisms aren’t all decomposers; in fact, many act as producers or primary consumers in an ecosystem. how do microorganisms that act as producers benefit the rest of an ecosystem in terms of energy transfer? what about microorganisms that act as primary consumers?

An 88 year-old widow with uterine prolapse and multiple comorbid conditions has been unsuccessful in the use of a pessary for treatment elects to receive colpocleisis (lefort type) to prevent further prolapse and avoid more significant surgery like hysterectomy. the treatment is successful. what are the cpt® and icd-10-cm codes reported for this procedure?

1) what three conditions must be present for minerals to form through natural processes? 2) why are minerals considered inorganic substances? 3) how do oxides differ from other minerals that contain oxygen atoms? 4) how is a sulfide different from a sulfate? what makes native elements unique?