The latest stages of late pro-b cell development are recognized by the association of a surrogate light chain with a μ chain. the surrogate light chain is composed of

the limb fractures are among the most common fractures. open fractures are comparatively more dangerous. the injury patterns are dependent on many factors, such as the age of the person, and mechanism of the injury. the closed fractures of the limbs if left untreated may lead to a significant amount of the blood loss, which may be life-threatening for the person. approximately 1000-1500 ml of blood is lost in the close fracture of the femur, and 500-1000 ml of blood is lost in the closed fracture of lower part of the limbs.