Ineed !

the pedigree on the right shows the inheritance pattern for an x-linked recessive disorder.
how many individuals are carriers of the disease but are not affected?

The number of carrier individuals in the pedigree is 4.

For x-linked recessive disorders, only females can be carriers in addition to being free or affected. Males are either affected or unaffected.

Looking at the pedigree, carrier individuals have been indicated by half-shading and they are all females. The only affected individual in the pedigree is a male and he is the proband.

More on human pedigrees can be found here: link

I know this is almost 2 years later, but I was looking for something to answer lol.

-There are 4 CARRIERS of the disease, but they are not affected. At the top of the pedigree, the green square symbolizes an individual who is affected by the disease (genotype of male sex), I'm assuming. Throughout the generations, there are four circles that are half green and half white, showing they are only carriers. Hence, they are not affected. There is only one individual (NOT COUNTING THE MALE GENOTYPE AT TOP) affected by the disease.

- The genotype of the male circled in pink is X^aY

i think the answer is b.

the most common type of reef is the fringing reef. this type of reef grows seaward directly from the shore. they form borders along the shoreline and surrounding islands.