If a pedigree of several generations shows only females affected by a particular trait, what can be ruled out?

Vegetation that grows along the floors of tropical and temperate forests is called undergrowth. how is the undergrowth of a tropical rain forest most likely to differ from the undergrowth of a temperate forest? a. a tropical rain forest's undergrowth most likely experiences periods of dormancy during colder weather. b. a tropical rain forest's undergrowth most likely experiences periods of dormancy during rainy weather. c. the undergrowth of a tropical rain forest most likely requires less sunlight. d. the undergrowth of a tropical rain forest most likely requires more sunlight.

The movement of tectonic plates in two different locations is shown below: two blocks labeled location a and location b are shown. at location a the top layer of the block shows two horizontal arrows pointing towards each other. small dunes are shown in the middle between the two arrows. the block labeled b has a vertical line in the middle. on the left of the line there is an arrow pointing down. on the right of the vertical line there is an arrow pointing up which statement is most likely true? subduction may occur in both locations. earthquakes may occur in both locations. subduction may occur in location a only and a volcanic eruption may occur in location b only. an earthquake may occur in location a only and a volcanic eruption may occur in location b only.

During which phase does the dna make a copy of itself?