Name (and meaning of the absence) of the white semicircle at the base of the fingernail?

The semicircle at the bottom of the nail is called a lunula, it's what helps the nail grow. The more of it shows, the faster your nails grow.  

the glands which are associated with each description is given below:

pancreas - is an endocrine and exocrine gland that secretes juices with enzymes for digestion. salivary glands- with protection and digestion in the mouth. liver- secretes bile for digestion.   lachrymal glands - secrete tears to moisten eyes and protect them from particles and infection.   sweat gland -regulates water, salt, and temperature. oil glands - to form a protective barrier on the skin.   goblet cells - secrete mucus for protection.