Energy that is not passed on from one trophic level to the next is a. lost as heat b. returned to the sun c. destroyed d. all of the above

I believe the correct answer among the choices listed above is option A. Energy that is not passed on from one trophic level to the next is lost as heat. Energy wasted from a process is converted to another form for living things it is seen as heat energy.

 

answer: - b cells

explanation: -

there are many types of white blood cells present in our body. one such class of white blood cells are the lymphocytes. the b cells belong to the lymphocyte class of wbcs. the b cells perform their action against the pathogen by producing specialised proteins called as antibodies. these antibodies are produced as and when the b cells encounter pathogens in response to the antigens present on the surface of the pathogen. these antibodies bind to the antigens present on the pathogen and then, target them for destruction by other cells of the immune system.

so, the b cells mediate their action by identifying the antigens present on the surface of the pathogens and then producing antibodies in return to mediate its effect.