Cactus spines are modified.

1.) leaves
2.) stems
3.) branches

The correct answer is 1) leaves.

Cactus is a desert plant that possesses thick, enlarged, and leafless stems that are covered with sharp spines or spikes. These sharp cactus spines are the modified leaves that provide them an extra advantage for surviving in desert.

Cactus spines provide protection against predator (as they are very sharp) and prevent the loss of water by reducing the flow of air near the cactus and giving them some shade.

a neutral ph of 7 and normal organism temperature is needed for a certain enzyme to be effective.  

what would happen to the enzyme if the ph and/or temperature fluctuate greatly from the norm?  

a.the enzyme’s hydrogen bonds will break.  

b.the activation energy will increase.  

c.more product will be formed.

d.the ideal temperature and ph for the enzyme function will decrease.  

small, big, or no change could occur in the phenotype. it could cause something as simple as a cats ears to curl backwards or something as frighting as death. it could also occur in the protien-coding area and have an effect on that but no effect on the amino acids. what has to occur is a changing in the hox gene or the control gene.