Photography started being used for evidence collecting and making "mug shots" almost as soon as it was patented. when was it first used in the courtroom?

1851

Explanation:

Photography was first presented in courtroom in 1851 as evidence against a criminal case that was solved based on the photograph of a fudged document.  Later on by 1870s, the use of photography in solving court cases became a common practice. The first use of forensic photography was done by Alphonse Bertillon when he took several shots of crime scene which later helped to resolve the case.  

this protocol provides a detailed procedure for chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip) to study the dna-protein interactions.

c.) polymerase chain reaction

- "unlike the original dna fingerprinting method, dna profiling does not use restriction enzymes to cut the dna. instead it uses the polymerase chain reaction (pcr)? to produce many copies of specific str sequences. pcr is an automated procedure that generates lots of copies of a specific sequence of dna."