The notion that living organisms with advantages that give them greater reproductive success (in some local environment) will survive while others perish is an example of what darwin called .

The idea that some living organisms have certain advantages which give them better reproductive success (in a given local environment) was posited by Darwin. He went on to assert that such organisms as described above will survive while others perish. According to him, this is an example of NATURAL SELECTION.

b. lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere   is the answer most likely