What effect do calcium ions have on the water in ecosystems? a. they reduce its ph. b. they decrease its salinity. c. they add to its hardness. d. they increase its acidity.

ecological efficiency: % of usable energy transferred as

biomass from one trophic level to the next typical is 10% efficient (90% of

energy is lost),is diagramed as the pyramid of energy flow. then osprey eagle

are tertiary consumer and the shrimp are primary consumer, so to balance

mass of shrimp (1/0.1) / 0.1 = 100 kg 

i believe it is c: genes for body color and wing size are inherited separately from each parent.