Biology, 13.07.2019 11:20 hsbhxsb

How to differentiate between cervical and thoracic vertebrae?

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There are 12 thoracic vertebrae situated in between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. The major characteristic that is unique to thoracic vertebrae is the presence of costal facetsfor articulation with ribs. These costal facets can be seen on the sides of the vertebral bodies and on the transverse processes. The laminae of thoracic vertebrae are short (transversely) and broad (vertically) so that the laminae of the adjacent vertebrae overlap. The spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae are long and project downward in the thoracic region.The first seven vertebrae starting from the skull are called cervical vertebrae. All the cervical vertebrae except the first two have common general features. The first cervical vertebra (C1) is known as the atlas as it supports the skull. It makes the atlanto-occipital joints that support the lateral movements of the skull. The presence of a foramen called foramen transversarium in the transverse process is unique to the cervical vertebra. Moreover, cervical vertebra has long (transversely) and narrow (vertically) laminae. In addition, the spinous processes of a typical cervical vertebra are short and bifid.

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Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes and cell membranes

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hypoxemia refers to a below usual concentration of oxygen in the blood, mainly in the arteries. hypoxemia is an indication of an issue associated with circulation or breathing and may lead to various symptoms like shortness of breath.

the condition is identified by determining the level of oxygen in the blood sample obtained from an artery. it can also be predicted by determining the oxygen saturation of the blood with the application of a pulse oximeter.

the normal arterial oxygen is about 75 to 100 mm hg. the values underneath 60 mm hg is generally considered with the requirement for supplemental oxygen. the normal pulse oximeter readings generally range between 95 to 100 percent. the values under 90 percent are regarded as low.

in the given case, the oxygen saturation is measured at 93 percent, hence, there is no need to administer oxygen, that is, one should withhold oxygen.

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