The average time to death from starvation in a fruit fly is about 20 hours. selecting for increased starvation resistance in fruit flies: a. can produce populations in which the average time to death from starvation is 160 hours. b. has no effect because it is too complex a physiological process, dependent upon the effects of too many genes. c. has little effect because constant mutation reduces starvation resistance, counteracting any benefits from selection. d. has no effect because it is not a trait that influences fruit fly fitness. e. can double this, at which point the genetic variation for this trait is exhausted.

Some species of wasps are social. the queen starts a colony from scratch each spring. she builds a small nest, and lays and raises a group of female workers. the workers enlarge the nest while the queen continues to lay eggs. unfertilized eggs become males that mate with newly hatched females. all of the wasps except the newly fertilized females die by the summer. which best describes this behavior? a)it is beneficial only to the males that do not fertilize eggs. b)it is beneficial only to the female workers that are not fertilized. c)it is beneficial to each one of the individual colony members. d)it is beneficial to the whole species, but not to all of the individual members.