2. What does substrate-level phosphorylation involve? a. the direct formation of ATP by energy released during chemical reactions
b. the formation of ATP by the flow of protons through a membrane protein channel
c. the formation of ATP by the addition of oxygen
d. all of the above

There are six elements that make up most of the human body. which of the following is not one of these six elements?

Amylase is an enzyme found in the human digestive system. why do you think it was important to keep the enzyme temperature above 37 degrees celsius (98.6 degrees f)? describe what might happen if the temperature decreased by 10 degrees celsius.

Neelaredoxin is a 15-kda protein that is a gene product common in anaerobic prokaryotes. it has superoxide-scavenging activity, and it is constitutively expressed. in addition, its expression is not further induced during its exposure to o2 or h2o2 (silva, g., et al. 2001. j. bacteriol. 183: 4413–4420). which of the following statements best describes neelaredoxin synthesis? a-neelaredoxin is produced at all times; levels are constant even when exposed to o2 or h2o2.b-neelaredoxin is produced at all times; exposure to o2 or h2o2 increases expression.c-neelaredoxin is produced at all times; exposure to o2 or h2o2 decreases or prevents expression.d-neelaredoxin is only produced when there is exposure to o2 or h2o2.