What is a isotonic solution? How does it affect a red blood cell? What is a hypertonic solution? How does it affect a red blood cell?
What is a hypotonic solution? How does it affect a red blood cell?
Answer plz!

An isotonic solution is one wherein the solute concentration across the semipermeable membrane is the same resulting in an equilibrium state.

They do not shrink or swell in an isotonic saline solution, i.e., 0.9% w/v solution of sodium chloride

Hypertonic solution: A solution that contains more dissolved particles (such as salt and other electrolytes) than is found in normal cells and blood.

Now, let’s suppose RBCs are placed in a solution with a sodium chloride concentration of 2% w/v. The sodium chloride concentration of 2% w/v is greater than the RBC’s sodium content and hence the solution is hypertonic. This will result in shrinkage of the RBCs known as crenation

When a solution has a lower solute concentration than the solution present across the semipermeable membrane, it is known as a hypotonic solution. As a result, when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, an osmotic pressure gradient forces the solvent to move into the cell in order to attain equal solute

In another situation, let’s suppose RBCs are placed in a solution with a sodium chloride concentration of 0.1 % w/v. The sodium chloride concentration of 0.1% w/v is less than the RBC’s sodium content and hence hypotonic saline. This will result in swelling and eventually bursting of the RBCs which will result in the release of hemoglobin. This is known as hemolysis which is a very dangerous situation.

answer: - b cells

explanation: -

there are many types of white blood cells present in our body. one such class of white blood cells are the lymphocytes. the b cells belong to the lymphocyte class of wbcs. the b cells perform their action against the pathogen by producing specialised proteins called as antibodies. these antibodies are produced as and when the b cells encounter pathogens in response to the antigens present on the surface of the pathogen. these antibodies bind to the antigens present on the pathogen and then, target them for destruction by other cells of the immune system.

so, the b cells mediate their action by identifying the antigens present on the surface of the pathogens and then producing antibodies in return to mediate its effect.