The vital capacity, or maximal amount of air that one can move, is the sum of .

characterization of nanoparticles is a critical step in nanomaterial production as it provides information of dimension, morphology, surface charge, distribution and degree of surface functionalization.

the elements of art are the visual tools that the artist uses to create a composition. these are line, shape, color, value, form, texture, and space.

the principles of art and design are balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity/variety.