Identify how landforms and water effect climate

Oceans, a large lake, bay or gulf can act as a moderating influence on climate, resulting in cooler summers and warmer winters. For example, North America’s Great Lakes modify the temperature of air masses that travel across them, which produces a comparatively mild climate. At the same time, these air masses pick up a large amount of moisture from the lakes, which precipitates annually on the downwind shores in the form of heavy rain and snow.

Tall mountain ranges, like the Andes of South America and the Rockies of North America, act as an obstacle to traveling air masses, forcing them to rise over their lofty peaks. When this happens, air temperatures drop; as the water vapor cools, fog forms, and rain or snow may fall on the windward side of the mountain. When the same air mass descends on the other side of the mountain, it contains a minimal amount of water vapor. As a result, a "rain shadow" or dry climate develops on the far side of the mountain.

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