The endomembrane system is a collection of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells that handles the production and processing of proteins that will be used in organelles or exported to the outside of the cell. The rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum all have parts to play in this system. These functions are , respectively.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.

d. groundwater flows through the subsoil and deposits minerals.

ok yes, but what is the question? as soon as you ask the actual question i will answer it. : )