describe how the structure of the cuticle, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and guard cells are adapted for their functions​

Cuticle - It also has a waxy material that protects the leaf from attacks by bacteria, protects inner tissues from mechanical damage and acts as a water proof layer to prevent excessive water loss.

Palisade mesophyll - They have many chloroplasts used to absorb light energy used for photosynthesis.

Spongy mesophyll - The cells are loosely packed together leaving air spaces that allow for air circulation and gaseous exchange.

Guard cell - They have thick inner walls and thin outer walls to control the opening and closing of the stomata.

this protocol provides a detailed procedure for co-immunoprecipitation (co-ip) to identify protein–protein interactions.