Ếch là loài thụ tinh như nào

In most species of frogs, fertilization is external. The male frog grabs the female's back and fertilizes the eggs as the female frog releases them (Figure 2.2B). ... The egg pronucleus and the sperm pronucleus will meet in the egg cytoplasm to form the diploid zygotic nucleus.

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c.) polymerase chain reaction

- "unlike the original dna fingerprinting method, dna profiling does not use restriction enzymes to cut the dna. instead it uses the polymerase chain reaction (pcr)? to produce many copies of specific str sequences. pcr is an automated procedure that generates lots of copies of a specific sequence of dna."

c. establishing proper sleep hygiene