Which answer best defines what the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model mathematically describes?-The competition among many predator species for a dingle prey species.-The simultaneous effect of a predator population on a prey population and a prey population on a predator population over time.-The effect of a predator population on a prey population.-The capture efficiency and assimilation rate of a predator, which is dependent on the number of individuals in a prey population.

The simultaneous effect of a predator population on a prey population and a prey population on a predator population over time.

Explanation:  

The mathematical models of Lotka-Volterra equations explain the existing interaction between species in which prey and predator influence and affect each other. The model follows a few assumptions,    

In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of prey items.

The parameters are always constant:  

•r1: prey growth rate.  

•a1: predator hunting success.  

•r2: predator growth rate.  

•a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.

In nature, many factors affect interactions, such as dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also, in reality, there are stochastic factors. Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.

In real situations, the compliance of the whole assumption does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, constantly changing the interaction between the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in varying circumstances for both species.

the level of progesterone is low at the pre-ovulatory phase of the cycle but it gradually increases and the levels are high at the luteal phase. if pregnancy occurs, the level of progesterone will be high throughout the pregnancy.

if egg is fertilized and the mother gets pregnant, progesterone starts preparing the uterus for the implantation. it starts building up the lining of uterus and make it hostile of the period of pregnancy.

stimulus is a change in the environment that causes an organism to react. the response is the reaction to the stimulus. some examples of stimuli for zebras are drought, to many predators, and bad feeding grounds such as dead grass or plants. zebras respond to stimuli just like all other living organisms