What are three techniques that can be used to show that the electron transport chain is found on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Select all that apply.

Explanation:

Step 1: Generating a Proton Motive Force

The hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) are oxidised and release high energy electrons and protons

The electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain, which consists of several transmembrane carrier proteins

As electrons pass through the chain, they lose energy – which is used by the chain to pump protons (H+ ions) from the matrix

The accumulation of H+ ions within the intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient (or a proton motive force)

Step Two: ATP Synthesis via Chemiosmosis

The proton motive force will cause H+ ions to move down their electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into matrix

This diffusion of protons is called chemiosmosis and is facilitated by the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase

As the H+ ions move through ATP synthase they trigger the molecular rotation of the enzyme, synthesising ATP

Step Three: Reduction of Oxygen

In order for the electron transport chain to continue functioning, the de-energised electrons must be removed

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, removing the de-energised electrons to prevent the chain from becoming blocked

Oxygen also binds with free protons in the matrix to form water – removing matrix protons maintains the hydrogen gradient

In the absence of oxygen, hydrogen carriers cannot transfer energised electrons to the chain and ATP production is halted

1. loamy sand is about 80% sand with 10% clay and defined mostly by sand particles with some clay to provide structure and fertility. the sand particles are easily visible and the soil holds structure but breaks apart easily.

2. scott sand can improve his soil quality by incorporating more silt and organic matter into the soil. peat moss and organic matter can also be incorporated.

a scenario where a cell may be needed to perform a form of endocytosis is when transporting large molecules. a scenario where a cell may be needed to perform a form of exocytosis is when releasing the large molecule from the cell.