Fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota form mycorrhizal associations with orchids, a type of flowering plant.
How do these associations benefit both the fungi and
the orchids?

The orchids derive nutrients from the association at very young stages of its life cycle while the fungi obtain water and organic matter

Explanation:

As stated in this question, fungi species belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota form mycorrhizal associations with a flowering plant called orchids. This relationship is a mutualistic one because both participants benefit from the relationship.

In this association, the young orchid plant relies on the mycorrhizal fungi's metabolism to get nutrients needed for its development in form of carbohydrates while the fungi in return gets water (from the roots of the plant) and organic matter.

it cools slower in the earth meaning the crystals have more time to form than lava on the surface

the relative standard reduction potential of the half-cell in which reduction occurs; more positive than the other half-cell. reduction is a chemical process in which electrons are added to an atom or an ion; it always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent.