Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between stress and the immune system? A. Brief stressors lead to changes in cytokine production.
B. The immune system responds in the same way to all types of stress.
C. Specific immunity increases in response to acute short-term stressors.
D. Natural immunity decreases in response to immediate short-term stressors.

The correct answer is A. Brief stressors lead to changes in cytokine production.

Explanation:

Cytokines form an important group of proteins that act as mediators of communication between living cells. They can exert their action in a paracrine way (between neighboring cells within the same tissue), or endocrine (between cells located in different tissues). The imbalance on the immune system that stressful events exert is an increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their associated spectrum of age-related syndromes and diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines are soluble mediators that promote and mediate inflammatory processes, the following stand out: interleukin 1 (IL-1) is involved in the regulation of the immune process and inflammation; interleukin 6 (IL-6) that also serves as a link between the endocrine system and the immune system; and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), which has the ability to destroy certain cell lines and initiate the cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators.

he forelimbs below belong to four species that descended in a direct line from the ancestral mammal shown above. of the four descendants shown, which species most likely appeared earliest in evolutionary history?

several tissues working together form an organ, and several organs together make up an organisms.

the group of cell that carries out special jobs are tissue.