Most angiosperms incorporate the assistance of animals in their reproductive cycle. This is a major advancement that gave them an advantage over other plant lineages and helped them become the dominant type of plant on Earth today. Which of the following steps in the reproduction of angiosperms do animals assist with? Check all that apply. A. Pollination
B. Seed dispersal
C. Fertilization

The steps in reproduction of angiosperms that animals assist with is

a.) Pollination

Explanation:

ANGIOSPERMS are flowering plants that forms the largest group in the plant kingdom. The angiosperms are more highly evolved than other plants because they have an abundance of water- conducting vessels and bear seeds which are protected within fruits. Fruits develop from the ovaries of flowers, the female reproductive organ of the angiosperms.

Pollination is only the first step in the process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It is followed by fertilization and development of the zygote. These steps change the flower into a fruit enclosing seeds. Pollination in flowering plants involves the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a receptive stigma.

Pollination depends on external pollinating agents known as pollinators. These include

--> insects and

--> animals such as birds, squirrel,bats and snails.

Animals such as birds perceive red colour more clearly than insects. They are also larger than insects and unlike insects have a poor sense of smell. As a result, flowers of plants that are pollinated by birds are usually Res with no scent. While flowers pollinated by insects are scented and produce nectar. As they visit the flower, they become covered with the pollen from the mature anthers of the flower. These pollen grains are eventually transferred to the stigma of another flower of the same species leading to fertilization which is a step in plant reproduction. Therefore, pollination is a step in reproduction of angiosperms that animals assist.

B. Seed dispersal

Explanation:

Seed dispersion is an ecological process very important in keeping ecosystemic biodiversity and in vegetal communities regeneration. There are many types of dispersion. But probably, zoocory is one of the most significant types of seed dispersion.

There are two types of zoocory:

By endozoocory, herbivores are significant not only for dispersing the seeds but also for scarifying them. When seeds pass along the digestive system of the animals, the whole digestive process eliminates or debilitates the cuticle and other external structures, increasing the proportion and speed of germination.

Many vertebrates are involved in seed dispersion, but birds and frugivorous bats play an important role in dispersing seeds far away from the parental plant, playing an important role in the natural ecosystem regeneration processes.  

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