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a. inheritance of natural variations

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b. inheritance of acquired characteristics

Explanation:

the flies were able to keep growing normal wings even though each generation before had their wings clipped. the wings being clipped was an acquired characteristic, but since it didn't affect future generations, it disproved the idea that evolution can be affected by acquired characteristics.

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step 1: nitrogen fixation- conversion of atmospheric no₂ into forms useful to plants by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.

step 2: nitrification-process of converting ammonia to nitrite or nitrate.

step 3: assimilation-plant roots absorb new form of nitrogen.

step 4: ammonification-conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia by bacteria involved in decomposition.

step 5: denitrification-bacteria turns the decomposed matter back into n₂o, which is released into atmosphere; repeat cycle.