if you wanted to determine the temperature of a star, which measurement would you make? refraction Doppler shift emission spectrum absorption spectrum (K12 question also its Earth Science)

Ascientist is conducting an investigation that involves water, silver, carbon dioxide, and oxygen gas which group of statements best describes all of the materials he is using in the investigation?

The is an estimate of the fewest number of organisms a population needs to avoid extinction. this measurement will most if the number of offspring each female in the population produces increases. if the population's this measurement will most likely increase. 1 population density, minimum viable population, carrying capacity 2 decrease, be unaffected, increase 3 death rate increase, dead rate decrease

When listening the levels of orginization in orginisims from the smallest to most complex , which level is just below organs in complexity