What are the tiny hair-like structures lining your body’s mucous membranes which trap and remove pathogens?

The answer is cilia. These serve as a first line of filtration against pathogens.

The soviet union beat the us to the first successful launch, with the october 4, 1957, orbiting of sputnik 1, and later beat the us to have the first human in earth orbit, yuri gagarin, on april 12, 1961. the "race" peaked with the july 20, 1969, us landing of the first humans on the moon with apollo 11