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describe the digestive system of a human. be sure to include the various organs and processes of the digestive system.

name the trophic levels in an ecosystem and explain how energy moves through the trophic levels. use the terms food chain and food web in the discussion.

explain the basic parts of a major theme in molecular biology: the pathway of dna to rna to proteins. include a general idea of what occurs at each step in the process.

compare and contrast the reproductive cycles of a flowering plant and a human. include two similarities and two differences in your answer.

The human digestive system: the process of digestion has many stages, the first of which starts in the mouth. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.

Chewing: which food is mixed with saliva begins the process of digestion. This produces a bolus which can be swallowed down the esophagus and into the stomach. Here it is mixed with gastric juice until it passes into the duodenum, where it is mixed with a number of enzymes produced by the pancreas.

Saliva:contains a catalyticenzyme called amylase which starts to act on food in the mouth.
Another digestive enzyme called lingual lipase is secreted by some of the lingual papillae on the tongue and also from serous glands in the main salivary glands.

Peristalsis: The rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins in the esophagus and continues along the wall of the stomach and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. This initially results in the production of chyme which when fully broken down in the small intestine is absorbed as chyle into the lymphatic system. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine. Water and some minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine. The waste products of digestion (faeces) are defecated from the anus via the rectum.

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