Boyle's law relates which of the following gas properties?

temperature and density

pressure and temperature

pressure and volume

explanation:

kim antonie lode clijsters[1] (dutch pronunciation: [kɪm ˈklɛistərs] (about this soundlisten); born 8 june 1983) is a belgian former professional tennis player. clijsters was a world no. 1 in both singles and doubles, having held both rankings simultaneously in 2003. she won a total of six grand slam tournament titles, four in singles and two in doubles.

clijsters competed professionally from 1997 to 2012 in an era where her primary rivals were compatriot justine henin and 23-time grand slam singles champion serena williams. coming from a country with limited success in men's or women's tennis, clijsters became the first belgian player to attain the no. 1 ranking. together with henin, she established belgium as a leading force in women's tennis as the two of them led their country to their first fed cup crown in 2001 and were the top two players in the world in late 2003. individually, clijsters won 41 singles titles and 11 doubles titles on the women's tennis association (wta) tour. she was a three-time winner of the wta tour championships. between singles and doubles, she was a champion at all four grand slam tournaments, winning the us open and the australian open in singles and wimbledon and the french open in doubles with ai sugiyama. her success at majors was highlighted by winning three consecutive appearances at the us open.

plagued by injuries and having lost some of her desire to compete, clijsters initially retired from tennis in 2007 at the age of 23 to get married and have a daughter. she returned to the sport two years later and won her second us open title as an unranked player in just her third tournament back. she defended her title the following year and then won the australian open in 2011 en route to becoming the first mother to be ranked no. 1 by the wta. along with margaret court, she also holds the record for most grand slam singles titles won as a mother with three and was the first to win one since evonne goolagong cawley in 1980. she officially retired from professional tennis after the 2012 us open.

clijsters was born to athletic parents with backgrounds in professional football and gymnastics. she was renowned for her athleticism, which was highlighted by her ability to perform splits on court in the middle of points. she built the offensive side of her game around controlled aggression while also using her exceptional movement to become an elite defensive player. clijsters was very popular and well-liked as a player, having won the karen krantzcke sportsmanship award eight times. she was inducted into the international tennis hall of fame in 2017.

contents

1 early life and background

2 junior career

3 professional career

3.1 1997–99: maiden wta title, newcomer of the year

3.2 2000–02: french open finalist, tour champion

3.3 2003: world no. 1 in singles and doubles

3.3.1 singles: two grand slam finals, tour championship defense

3.3.2 doubles: french open and wimbledon titles

3.4 2004–05: extended injury absence, first grand slam singles title

3.5 2006–07: return to no. 1, hastened retirement

3.6 two-year hiatus

3.7 2009–10: start of second career, back-to-back us open titles

3.8 2011–12: australian open champion, last reign at no. 1

4 national representation

4.1 fed cup

4.2 hopman cup

4.3 olympics

5 rivalries

5.1 clijsters vs. henin

5.2 clijsters vs. williams sisters

5.3 other rivals

6 exhibition matches

7 legacy

8 playing style

9 coaches

10 endorsements

11 personal life

12 career statistics

12.1 performance timelines

12.1.1 singles

12.1.2 doubles

12.2 grand slam tournament finals

12.2.1 singles: 8 (4 titles, 4 runner-ups)

12.2.2 doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)

12.2.3 mixed doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)

13 awards

14 see also

15 references

15.1 books

16 external links

synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a joint cavity. the walls of this space are formed by the articular capsule, a fibrous connective tissue structure that is attached to each bone just outside the area of the bone’s articulating surface. the bones of the joint articulate with each other within the joint cavity.

friction between the bones at a synovial joint is prevented by the presence of the articular cartilage, a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface of each bone. however, unlike at a cartilaginous joint, the articular cartilages of each bone are not continuous with each other. instead, the articular cartilage acts like a teflon® coating over the bone surface, allowing the articulating bones to move smoothly against each other without damaging the underlying bone tissue. lining the inner surface of the articular capsule is a thin synovial membrane. the cells of this membrane secrete synovial fluid (synovia = “a thick fluid”), a thick, slimy fluid that provides lubrication to further reduce friction between the bones of the joint. this fluid also provides nourishment to the articular cartilage, which does not contain blood vessels. the ability of the bones to move smoothly against each other within the joint cavity, and the freedom of joint movement this provides, means that each synovial joint is functionally classified as a diarthrosis.

outside of their articulating surfaces, the bones are connected together by ligaments, which are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue. these strengthen and support the joint by anchoring the bones together and preventing their separation. ligaments allow for normal movements at a joint, but limit the range of these motions, thus preventing excessive or abnormal joint movements. ligaments are classified based on their relationship to the fibrous articular capsule. an extrinsic ligament is located outside of the articular capsule, an intrinsic ligament is fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule, and an intracapsular ligament is located inside of the articular capsule.

at many synovial joints, additional support is provided by the muscles and their tendons that act across the joint. a tendon is the dense connective tissue structure that attaches a muscle to bone. as forces acting on a joint increase, the body will automatically increase the overall strength of contraction of the muscles crossing that joint, thus allowing the muscle and its tendon to serve as a “dynamic ligament” to resist forces and support the joint. this type of indirect support by muscles is very important at the shoulder joint, for example, where the ligaments are relatively weak.

additional structures associated with synovial joints

a few synovial joints of the body have a fibrocartilage structure located between the articulating bones. this is called an articular disc, which is generally small and oval-shaped, or a meniscus, which is larger and c-shaped. these structures can serve several functions, depending on the specific joint. in some places, an articular disc may act to strongly unite the bones of the joint to each other. examples of this include the articular discs found at the sternoclavicular joint or between the distal ends of the radius and ulna bones. at other synovial joints, the disc can provide shock absorption and cushioning between the bones, which is the function of each meniscus within the knee joint. finally, an articular disc can serve to smooth the movements between the articulating bones, as seen at the temporomandibular joint. some synovial joints also have a fat pad, which can serve as a cushion between the bones.

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