What conclusion can be made in instances where the data and the hypothesis disagree

The conclusion that can be made is that from the information you know in the hypothesis is not as accurate as you thought.  A hypothesis is just an educated guess on what might happen and is not always meant to be true.  Lets say there is a question that says.  "Out of the 50 fish in the pond how many do you think are red?"  We might hypothesize that there are 22 red fish.  But in reality there could be any number of red fish.  That is when you look at the data there are actually 30 red fish.  So the conclusion that can be made when the data and hypothesis disagree is that the hypothesis was just an educated guess.  Also that the hypothesis does not always contain correct information.

The answer is b, as with an inference you make a statement with no evidence