What were the accomplishments of lamarck, malthus, lyell, and erasmus darwin in the discovery and theory of evolution?

Lamarck. - He published first theory of Evolution & said, "Use or Disuse organs" can lead to evolution and changes the characteristics of an organisms.

Malthus. - He predicted that short-term gains in living standards would inevitably be undermined as human population growth outstripped food production, and thereby drive living standards back toward subsistence.

Lyell. - He published his famous book - "Prinsiples of Geology" tried to fail the principle of Darwin.

Darwin. - He published "Theory of Evolution" & it influenced the study of Evolution at largest extent. That's why we know him as a "Father of Evolution"

Hope this helps!

The answer is reflection.

The short-term effect of tar on the body is increased blood pressure.