This recolonization of an area that has been totally destroyed, is an example a. climax succeesion b. pioneer succession c. primary succession d. seconday succesion

Well Primary Succession means you are the first organisms of that area after it is destroyed completely or if it's new. Secondary Succession is when an area is not destroyed completely but the organisms that remain colonize the area again. I believe it's C.

C. Primary succession

An ecological succession is a change that occurs in the biotic community of an ecosystem due to changes that occur in non-living factors (weather, climatic conditions, sunlight, water, soil, temperature and disaster or calamity) and time, until the ecosystem attains stability. A primary succession occurs in a region, which was previously colonized by living species but destroyed by a disaster like retreating glacier or volcanic eruption. The region is completely barren and exhibit no life form.

Therefore, the recolonization of an area that has been totally destroyed, is an example of primary succession.

i think the miocene epoch spans the time from 23 million to 12 million years ago.

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