Which set of steps shows how information is transformed to synthesize proteins?
a. gene -> chromosome -> protein
b. dna -> rna -> protein
c. cell respiration -> atp -> protein
d. atp -> amino acid -> protein

B

Explanation:

This step follows the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, which describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes are used to make proteins i.e. DNA → RNA → protein.

Deoxyribonuceic acid (DNA) is the stored form of genetic material in a cell. It contains all the genetic instructions needed for the optimal functioning of an organism. However, this information needs to be expressed. This process of expression is done by transcription and translation processes.

Transcription is the process of copying the information in the DNA molecule into a RNA molecule. It involves making a complementary strand of mRNA from a DNA template.

After the mRNA is synthesized, its nucleotide sequence is then used to synthesize proteins. This second process is called TRANSLATION. Translation occurs in the ribosome where building blocks (amino acids) are added in a chain-like manner based on the information on the mRNA to eventually lead to a polypeptide or protein.

carbohydrates: (starches and sugars) composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

lipids: (fats, oils, and waxes) are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

nucleic acids: contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. they are polymers of nucleotides. a nucleotide has three parts, a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate     (-po⬇️4) group, and a nitrogenous base.

proteins: made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. they are polymers of amino acids.