1. What percentage of sperm cells carry an X chromosome? 2. What percentage of sperm cells carry a Y chromosome? 3. What percentage of egg cells carry an X chromosome? 4. How many chromosomes are shown on a normal human karyotype? 5. How can a karyotype be used to compare normal humans to those with chromosomal abnormalities​

the answer is:

carbon dioxide

b. to discover aspects of the natural world.

hopefully i .

the dna molecules have a negative charge because of the phosphate groups in their sugar-phosphate backbone, so they start moving through the matrix of the gel towards the positive pole. power is turned on and dna fragments migrate through gel (towards the positive electrode).

explanation:

the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).