What are the types of vascular plants? How do they reproduce?

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Explanation:

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crytogams - this type of vascular plant reproduces by spore.

phanerogams - this type of vascular plant reproduces from the seeds, hence also named as seed plants.

Angiosperms - this type of vascular plant reproduces flowers and fruits

Gymnosperms - this type of vascular plant reproduces cones and seeds only.

Vascular plants are plants that have roots, stems, and leaves. They have a vascular system that is responsible for the distribution of water and nutrients. This system is made up of the xylem (responsible for distributing the raw sap to the leaves) and the phloem (responsible for transporting the processed sap to the rest of the plant). Within this group we have: pteridophytes (Many plants do not produce flowers. They are also known as cryptogams. They reproduce through spores) and spermatophytes (they are vascular plants that produce seeds and, therefore, are the most evolved).

Explanation:

Vascular plants are those that have a “corm” made up of root and stem (stem and leaves), as well as a conduction system made up of xylem and phloem for transporting water and photosynthates. Pteridophytes are vascular plants that do not produce seeds. Within the vascular plants they are the simplest plants at a structural level, since they do not have the complexity linked to the production of these seeds, which are what allow the sexual reproduction of plants. Spermatophytes are the vascular plants that produce seeds. These seeds generated by the flowers, when they fall to the ground after dispersing, germinate and give rise to a new plant. This presence of seeds that can be spread by the wind or by animals is what has allowed these plant species to colonize the world.

a tetrad is the foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids.