2. How is the synthesis of ATP in the electron trans- port chain of mitochondria similar to the syn-
thesis of ATP in chloroplasts?

Through a set of reactions that occur in the cytosol, energy derived from the partial oxidation of energy-rich carbohydrate molecules is used to form ATP, the chemical energy currency of cells (discussed in Chapter 2). But a much more efficient method of energy generation appeared very early in the history of life. This process is based on membranes, and it enables cells to acquire energy from a wide variety of sources. For example, it is central to the conversion of light energy into chemical bond energy in photosynthesis, as well as to the aerobic respiration that enables us to use oxygen to produce large amounts of ATP from food molecules.

Explanation:

Explanation:

They’re nearly identical in the actual events of ATP production.

Both take protons that have been ‘pumped’ into a membrane-contained area of the organelle (chloroplast or mitochondrion). These protons flow through the F1/F0 ATP synthase, which does the actual jamming of a phosphate onto ADP to create ATP.

Both pumped those protons by ‘harvesting’ the energy of electrons through passaging those electrons between special protein complexes in a membrane (electron transport chains).

The key differences are in where those energized electrons came from in the first place. In mitochondria, the electrons were ripped from sugar pieces in the Kreb’s/TCA cycle. In photosynthesis, electrons were energized by sunlight (and are then replaced by taking non-energized electrons from water, which is where oxygen is made)