¿Cómo afecta el consumo de alcohol o tabaco en la salud?​

Las personas que beben y fuman tienen un mayor riesgo de padecer ciertos tipos de cáncer, en particular los de boca y garganta (12-14). El alcohol y el tabaco causan aproximadamente el 80 por ciento de los casos de cáncer de boca y garganta en los hombres y alrededor del 65 por ciento en las mujeres (11,16-18). Fumar causa cáncer, enfermedades cardíacas, accidentes cerebrovasculares, enfermedades pulmonares, diabetes y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), que incluye enfisema y bronquitis crónica. Fumar también aumenta el riesgo de tuberculosis, ciertas enfermedades oculares y problemas del sistema inmunológico, incluida la artritis reumatoide. El alcohol lo deshidrata y hace que los vasos sanguíneos de su cuerpo y cerebro se expandan. Eso te da dolor de cabeza. Su estómago quiere deshacerse de las toxinas y el ácido que se acumula en el alcohol, lo que le provoca náuseas y vómitos.

Explanation:

¡espero que esto ayude!

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.