Similarities and differences between cellular DNA replication and RNA genome replication

1.

Definition

DNA replication is the process of making two daughter strands where each daughter strand contains half of the original DNA double helix.

Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template.

2.

Purpose

To conserve the entire genome for the next generation.

To make RNA copies of individual genes.

3.

Enzymes Required

DNA Helicase, DNA Polymerase

Transcriptase (a type of DNA Helicase), RNA polymerase

4.

Occurrence

Occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle.

Occurs in the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle.

5.

Raw Materials

dATP, dGTP, dTTP and dCTP serve as raw materials.

ATP, UTP, GTP, and CTP serve as raw materials.

6.

Occurrence

Occurs along the strands of DNA.

Occurs along one strand of DNA.

7.

Occurrence

Occurs in preparation for cell division.

Occurs in preparation for protein translation.

8.

Bond

Replicated DNA strand remains hydrogen-bonded to its template DNA strand.

Transcribed RNA strand separates from its DNA template strand.

9.

Primers

It requires an RNA primer to start replication.

No primer is required to start.

10.

Products

Two Daughter Strands

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and non-coding RNA( like microRNA)

11.

Products

Products remain within the nucleus.

A greater part of the product passes from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

12.

Products

Products are not degraded.

Products are degraded after their function of over.

13.

Copying

It involves copying the entire genome.

It involves the copying of certain individual genes only.

14.

Unwinding and Splitting

It involves unwinding and splitting the entire DNA molecule.

It involves unwinding and splitting of only those genes which are to be transcribed.

15.

Processing

It produces normal DNA molecules that do not need any processing.

It produces a primary RNA transcript molecule that needs processing to acquire the final form and size.

americans began to notice growing differences between the northern and southern sections of the country. there were more people living in cities in the north, which made it more urban. more people lived on farms in the south, which made it more rural. while many people were farmers in the northern states, there were now other ways to make a living, such as working in mechanical cotton gins factories manufacturing cloth, tools and other goods. people in the north supported high tariffs on goods imported from europe because the extra cost encouraged people to “buy american” instead. in the southern states, planters did not like tariffs because they sold most of their production to europe and bought their tools from there as well. southerners believed the protective tariff was something that only northern factory owners keep their profits high. so the southern politicians came up with an idea. they would opt out. they would simply ignore the protective tariff. it was ‘null and void’ in south carolina. the state would not collect the taxes on goods imported into south carolina, no matter what the president said they had to do. this decision led to the nullification crisis.

stimulus is a change in the environment that causes an organism to react. the response is the reaction to the stimulus. some examples of stimuli for zebras are drought, to many predators, and bad feeding grounds such as dead grass or plants. zebras respond to stimuli just like all other living organisms