Telling Them Apart Suggest a way to distinguish between the two elements in each of the following pairs. A. Bacterial cells; archaeal cells
B. Rough ER; smooth ER
C. Animal peroxisomes; leaf peroxisomes
D. Peroxisomes; lysosomes
E. Viruses; viroids
F. Polio virus; herpes simplex virus
G. Eukaryotic ribosomes; bacterial ribosomes

A. presence or absence of phytanyl groups linked to glycerol  

B. presence or absence of ribosomes

C. presence or absence of enzymes involved in photorespiration  

D. presence or absence of catalase

E. presence or absence of coat proteins

F: Poliovirus's genetic material consists of RNA, while HSV's genetic material consists of double-stranded DNA

G. eukaryotic ribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes have different sedimentation coefficients

Explanation:

Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotic organisms, but they have a different composition in their cell membranes. Archaeal membranes contain phytanyl groups linked to glycerol, while bacterial membranes contain fatty acids linked to glycerol. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has ribosomes (i.e., organelles that act to synthesize proteins), while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes. The leaf peroxisomes contain enzymes exclusively involved in photorespiration such as glycolate oxidase (GLO), which lacks in animal peroxisomes. Moreover, peroxisomes contain catalase, an enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to convert it into water, while lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes such as, for example, cathepsin proteases that degrade proteins. Viruses are composed of nucleic acids (either DNA and RNA) and coat proteins (capsids) while viroids consist only of RNA. Poliovirus is an Enterovirus (Picornaviridae family) whose genetic material consists of a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome, while the genetic material of the Herpes Simplex Virus (Herpesviridae family) is double-stranded DNA. Finally, eukaryotic ribosomes have different sedimentation coefficients than their prokaryotic counterparts: prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes while eukaryotes contain larger 80S ribosomes.