2. Many people believe that a mutation will always result in the formation of a deadly tumor, or the development of a major body defect. Explain why this is incorrect.

. There are multiple types of mutations in DNA. mutations occur when a single base is changed to a different base pair. mutations remove one or more bases from a segment of DNA, resulting in a frameshift mutation. mutations are also considered frameshift mutations, and occur when one or more extra bases are added to a segment of DNA.

substitution; deletion; insertion

Explanation:

Mutations are genetic changes generally associated with deleterious effects. However, mutations may not have an effect on the phenotype of the organism and even, eventually, they are beneficial. For example, a missense substitution occurs when a nucleotide is replaced by another that changes the encoded amino acid, which may have deleterious or beneficial effects (depending on the new protein and its effects on the fitness of the individual in a particular environment), while a silent substitution does not modify the encoded amino acid and thereby it has no effect on the phenotype. On the other hand, a frameshift mutation is a mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide base, thereby irreversibly altering the Open Reading Frame (ORF) of the protein.

answer: 45

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