Which of the following participate in the types of bonds an element can form?

A. the valence shell electrons
B. all of the electrons
C. the valence shell
D. the protons

How do energy and matter move through an ecosystem? both energy and matter unidirectionally flow through an ecosystem. both energy and matter cycle within an ecosystem. matter unidirectionally flows through an ecosystem, whereas energy cycles within an ecosystem. energy unidirectionally flows through an ecosystem, whereas matter generally cycles within an ecosystem.