You can use "one-snip test" to identify monophyletic groups−−meaning that if you "cut" any branch on a tree, everything that "falls off" is a monophyletic group. Why is this valid?

characterization of nanoparticles is a critical step in nanomaterial production as it provides information of dimension, morphology, surface charge, distribution and degree of surface functionalization.

common management practices in dairy and poultry farming are: (i) proper shelter facilities and their regular cleaning. (ii) some basic hygienic conditions such as clean water, nutritious food, etc. (iii) animals are kept in spacious, airy, and ventilated place.

the potatoes have high sugar concentrations and although these potatoes were different we could seethe effects that their sugar concentrations had in different environments. for example, the potatoes in sample a, were placed in pure water. this created a hypertonic environment and caused the potatoes to draw in water from its surroundings. we saw the opposite happen with the potatoes in sample b when placed in the sodium chloride solution. the potatoes in this case were in a hypotonic solution and therefore lost water to their surroundings.