What are some methods scientists have discovered that can stop a virus from spreading in its host? (choose all that apply) •destroy the RNA polymerase altogether
•prohibit the RNA polymerase from starting initiation
•use antibiotics to destroy the RNA polymerase before initiation
•stop the RNA polymerase from moving along the DNA strand

Transcription control is the foundation of gene regulation. Whereas a cell is fully equipped for this task, viruses often depend on the host to supply tools for their transcription program. Over the course of evolution and adaptation, viruses have found diverse ways to optimally exploit cellular host processes such as transcription to their own benefit. Just as cells are increasingly understood to employ nascent RNAs in transcription regulation, recent discoveries are revealing how viruses use nascent RNAs to benefit their own gene expression. In this review, we first outline the two different transcription programs used by viruses, i.e., transcription (DNA-dependent) and RNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Subsequently, we use the distinct stages (initiation, elongation, termination) to describe the latest insights into nascent RNA-mediated regulation in the context of each relevant stage.

Keywords: transcription, nascent RNA, HIV-1, influenza, Epstein-Barr virus, RNA polymerase II, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, respiratory syncytial virus

/the trachea, commonly known as the windpipe

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