Choose one of the following scenarios and answer the questions provided. Support your answers using scientific reasoning and discussing possible impacts to individuals, society, and the environment. Be sure to also discuss any medical or ethical issues that may apply. Scenario 1:
Genetic engineering can be used to create more productive strains of farm animals. By adding genes to an animal's DNA, the animal can be made to produce milk or meat containing vital nutrients that would not be found naturally in those products. This provides a greater amount of nutrients per serving of milk or meat.

Do you think that this type of genetic engineering should be pursued? Explain your answer.

What are some possible impacts (positive and negative) of this type of genetic engineering on individuals, society, and the environment? (5 points)

Scenario 2:

In the future, doctors may be able to evaluate your DNA to check for genetic markers related to specific medical conditions or harmful reactions to medications. Your personalized genetic profile could be kept on record and referred to in order to develop personal medical treatment based on your unique DNA sequencing. Scientists have found that just small variations in a specific section of your DNA can help determine how well some medications can work for you or if they would be beneficial at all.

Would you want to have your DNA profile kept in your medical record as a reference for your doctors? Explain your answer.

What are potential pros and cons of having such tests done and referring to DNA sequences when determining a patient's medical treatment?

Describe how the availability of this technology might affect the frequency of genetic diseases in individuals and populations.

(50 points again)

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Explanation:

one centimetre is equal to 0.01 metres

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.