In a photosynthetic investigation, a student measured the following pH of the stroma and the inner thylakoid compartments of spinach leaf cells at the conclusion of the experiment. (graph in image attached)
a) Describe the stages of photosynthesis. Explain the need for a constant supply of inorganic carbon dioxide.

b) Construct an appropriately labeled graph to illustrate the sample means of the two locations to within 95% confidence (i. e. sample mean + 2 SEM).

c) Explain the reason for the differences in pH between the stroma and the thylakoid lumen.

d) Make a prediction for the pH levels in the plant if it closes its stomata for an extended period of time. Justify your predictions.

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.