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The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Which of the following statements is most likely correct about a rock belonging to the jurassic age and a rock belonging to the cambrian age? options: 1) they have identical fossils of organisms that have evolved over time. 2) both have animal fossils preserved in them due to weathering and erosion. 3) they contain different fossils because life on earth has changed through time. 4) the fossils in them were formed on the surface of earth due to exposure to sunlight.

This diagram shows how seed plants are grouped. which is the missing label? bryophytes angiosperms pteridophytes monocots