Ey's Bell Jar... Abstract
Background
Photosynthesis maintains aerobic life on Earth, and Joseph Priestly first
demonstrated this in his eighteenth-century bell jar experiments using mice and
mint plants. In order to demonstrate the fragility of life on Earth, Priestley's
experiment was recreated using a human subject placed within a modern-day
bell jar.
Methods
A single male subject was placed within a sealed, oxygen-depleted enclosure
(12.4% oxygen), which contained 274 Cz and C plants for a total of 48 h. A
combination of natural and artificial light was used to ensure continuous
photosynthesis during the experiment. Atmospheric gas composition within the
enclosure was recorded throughout the study, and physiological responses in the
subject were monitored.
Results
After 48 h, the oxygen concentration within the container had risen to 18.196, and
hypoxaemia in the subject was alleviated (arterial oxygen saturation rose from
86% at commencement of the experiment to 99% at its end). The concentration
of carbon dioxide rose to a maximum of 0.66% during the experiment.
Conclusions
This simple but unique experiment highlights the importance of plant life within
the Earth's ecosystem by demonstrating our dependence upon it to restore and
sustain an oxygen concentration that supports aerobic metabolism. Without the
presence of plants within the sealed enclosure, the concentration of oxygen
would have fallen, and carbon dioxide concentration would have risen to a point
at which human life could no longer be supported.

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an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.

unicellular organisms, like bacteria, are able to perform all life functions within one single cell. multicellular organisms need many different types of cells to carry out the same life processes. each of these special types of cells has a different structure that it perform a specific function.

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